The Hypothalamic Nuclei

Region	Area	Nucleus	Function
Anterior	Medial	Preoptic nucleus	Thermoregulation/Heat loss centre
		Supraoptic nucleus (SO)	vasopressin (ADH) release
		Paraventricular nucleus (PV)	CRHreleaseOxytocinand to a lesser extentantidiuretic hormone
		Anterior hypothalamic nucleus(AH)	Thermoregulation/Heat loss centre (set point comparison) Heat loss if core temp > set point
		Suprachiasmatic nucleus	Circadian rhythms
		Part of supraoptic nucleus (SO)	vasopressin release release
Tuberal	Medial	Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DM)	Blood Pressure Heart Rate GIstimulation
		Ventromedial nucleus (VM)	satiety centre (controls eating)lesion causes voracious appetite
		Arcuate nucleus (AR)/ Infundibular nucleus/ Periventricular nucleus	Endocrine function (releasing hormones) - controls Adenohypophysis
	Lateral	Lateral hypothalamic area	Feeding centre (thirst and hunger)- lesion causes anorexia
Posterior	Medial	Mammillary nuclei (part of mammillary bodies) (MB)	memory feeding reflex
		Posterior nucleus (PN)	Increase blood pressure Pupillary dilation Thermoregulation (generates shivering, if core temp <set point)

AIPGME 3rd counselling result

AIPGMEE 2012 third round councelling complete list in pdf format,click below to continue :

Vertebral Levels

C4	Hyoid bone; Bifurcation of common carotid artery.
C5	Thyroid cartilage
C6	Cricoid cartilage Trachea begins Oesophagus begins Pharynx and larynx ends
C7	Thoracic duct reaches its greatest height; Isthmus of thyroid gland
T1	Sternoclavicular joint; Highest point of apex of lung.
T2	Sternal notch Jugular notch
T4	Sternal angle (of Louis) Junction of superior and inferior mediastinum Ascending aorta ends Arch of aorta begins and ends. Bifurcation of trachea
T8	IVC hiatus
T9	Xiphisternal joint
T10	Oesophageal hiatus
T12	Aortic hiatus Thoracic duct through diaphragm Azygos vein through diaphragm
L1	End of spinal cord in adults Transpyloric plane Pylorus of stomach Superior mesenteric artery origin Hilum of kidneys (renal artery–left is above and right is below) Celiac artery originates just above and renal arteries originate just below this line.
L2	Thoracic duct begins; Azygos and hemiazygos begin
L3	Umbilicus End of spinal cord in newborns Inferior mesenteric artery
L4	Iliac crest Aorta bifurcates into common iliac arteries. Inferior vena cava formed from common iliac veins.
S1	Sacral promontory
S2	Posterior superior iliac spine End of dural sac (Dura, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, CSF) Middle of sacroiliac joint
S3	Posterior inferior iliac spine End of sigmoid colon Rectum begins (important landmark in surgery of recto sigmoid carcinoma).

Important Signs

Trousseau's Sign


Trousseau's Sign of latent tetany-To elicit the sign, a blood pressure cuff is placed around the arm and inflated to a pressure greater than the systolic blood pressure and held in place for 3 minutes. This will occlude the brachial artery. In the absence of blood flow, the patient's hypocalcemia and subsequent neuromuscular irritability will induce spasm of the muscles of the hand and forearm. The wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints flex, the DIP and PIP joints extend, and the fingers adduct. The sign is also known as main d'accoucheur (French for "hand of the obstetrician") because it supposedly resembles the position of an obstetrician's hand in delivering a baby.

Trousseau's sign of malignancy- Migratory thromboplebitis, due to hypercoagulable states.Seen in adenocarcinomas of the pancreas and lung

The Chvostek sign-


(also Weiss sign) is one of the signs of tetany seen in hypocalcemia. It refers to an abnormal reaction to the stimulation of the facial nerve. When the facial nerve is tapped at the angle of the jaw (i.e. masseter muscle), the facial muscles on the same side of the face will contract momentarily (typically a twitch of the nose or lips) because of hypocalcaemia (ie from hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D) with resultant hyperexcitability of nerves. Though classically described in hypocalcaemia, this sign may also be encountered in respiratory alkalosis, such as that seen in hyperventilation, which actually causes decreased serum Ca²⁺ with a normal calcium level due to a shift of Ca²⁺ from the blood to albumin which has become more negative in the alkalotic state.

Chvostek's sign may also be present in hypomagnesemia, frequently seen in alcoholics, persons with diarrhea, patients taking aminoglycosides or diuretics, because hypomagnesemia can cause hypocalcemia. Magnesium is a cofactor for Adenylate Cyclase. The reaction that Adenylate Cyclase catalyzes is the conversion of ATP to 3′,5′-cyclic AMP. The 3′,5′-cyclic AMP (cAMP) is required for Parathyroid hormone activation.

Target sign/Bulls eye sign


Seen in Congenital/infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric stenosis

Double bubble sign


Radiological appearance of Duodenal atresia,annular pancreas

Triple bubble sign


Jejunal atresia

Duodenal cutoff sign


Barium meal finding in superior mesenteric syndrome and in duodenal ileus

Colon Cutoff sign


Acute pancreatitis

Central dot sign


Caroli's disease

Pneumatic tyre sign


Sigmoid volvulus

Omega sign


Sigmoid volvulus

Boas sign


Acute Cholecystitis

Signs in appendicitis


1.Pointing sign

2.Rovsing sign

3.Copes sign

4.Bastede's sign

5.Alder's sign-Shifting tenderness

Tear drop Sign


In trapdoor fracture of inferior wall of orbit, coronal section of orbit  shows that the eyeball has migrated into the maxillary sinus appearing as a drop.

Bear track sign- Congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium


Homan Sign- Calf tenderness on dorsiflexion of ankle

Robert sign -appearance of gas in great vessels,the surest sign of IUD

maxwell lyon sign – vernal conjunctivitis

Litten's sign -is diaphragmatic movement seen on one side but not the other side in unilateral phrenic nerve palsy

Markle sign is jar tenderness in abdomen from heel drop as a localizing sign of peritoneal irritation

Pratt's sign is in deep vein thrombosis – presence of three dilated veins or sentinel veins over the tibia; dilatation persists when legs are elevated to 45 degrees

1-Stallworthy sign is to diffrentiate proptosis of thyrotoxicosis and of retroorbital tumours. In thyrotoxicosis you can evert upper eye lid but in case of retro orbital tumors one cant evert eyelid-rxpg se liya

2-Slowing / irregular fetal heart rate on pressing the head down I to the pelvis and prompt recovery on release of pressure is termed Stallworthy's sign in case of posterior placenta praevia, particularly with low insertion of cord, due to compression of placental vessels from fetal head

Adson's sign is in thoracic outlet syndrome – decrease in ipsilateral radial pulse and/or presence of subclavian bruit while patient extending neck maximally – rotating head towards side being tested – and holding breath

Dalrymple sign is retraction of the upper eyelid in Graves's disease – causing abnormal wideness of the palpebral fissure

Winterbottom's sign is in West African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness – caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense – humans primary reservoir) – classic finding of posterior cervical triangle lymphadenopathy

Kanavel's sign is four signs of tenosynovitis: 1. affected finger held in slight flexion; 2. pain over volar aspect of affected finger tendon upon palpation; 3. swelling of affected finger; 4. pain on passive extension of affected finger

D'Espine's sign is breath sounds louder over C7 than adjacent lung – suggests lesion in posterior mediastinum – e.g. lymphoma – tuberculosis – etc.

Signs of Pregnancy


Placental sign- Bleeding at the time of next menstruation

Hartman sign- Implantation bleeding

Jacquemier's sign(Chadwick's sign) -Blue hue of vagina

Osiander's sign - Increased pulsation felt through lateral fornix by 8 weeks.

Goodell's sign – Softening of cervix

Piskacek's sign – One half more firm than other half(site of implantation)

Hegar's sign – Upper part of body of uterus enlarged,lower part empty(6-10wks)

Palmer's sign – Rhythmic uterine contraction during bimanual examination

SIGNS IN RADIOLOGY

• Accordion sign : Appearance of bowel that may be seen with pseudomembranous colitis.


• Air crescent sign : Appearance of cavitation that may be seen with invasive apergillosis (see also Monod sign).


• Anteater’s nose sign : Sign of calcaneonavicular tarsal coalition.


• Apple Core lesion : Circumferential narrowing of the lumen secondary to colon cancer.


• Ball on tee sign : Sign of papillary necrosis on IVU.


• Banana sign : Seen on antenatal US and refers to a banana-shaped configuration of the cerebellum. Associated with neural tube defects.


• Bat wing appearance (chest) : Classic chest radiography finding for pulmonary edema.


• Bat wing appearance (neuro) : Appearance of 4th ventricle that may be seen with Joubert syndrome.


• Bergman’s coiled catheter sign : Sign of ureteral transitional cell carcinoma when a catheter coils in region of neoplasm (see also Goblet sign).


• Bird’s beak : Narrowing of the esophagus in achalasia.


• Bird’s beak sign or bird of prey sign : Narrowing of the colon in cecal volvulus.


• Blade of grass : Paget disease.


• Bone in bone sign : Appearance of spine that may be seen osteopetrosis.


• Boot-shaped Heart : Appearance of heart that may be seen with tetralogy of Fallot.


• Boxcar ventricles : Appearance of frontal horns that may be seen in Huntington’s disease.


• Bracket Calcification  : Corpus Callosum Lipoma


• Breast in a breast : Term used to describe Fibroadenolipomas.


• Bulging fissure sign : Bulging of a pulmonary fissure. Most commonly associated with Klebsiella pneumonia.


• Bullet carpal bones : Appearance of carpal bones that may be seen with mucopolysaccharidoses.


• Butterfly vertebrae : Results from failure of fusion of the lateral halves of the vertebral body because of persistent notochondal tissue between them.


• C sign : Sign of talocalcaneal tarsal coalition.


• Cake kidney : All renal tissue is fused into one pelvic mass and gives rise to two separate ureters which enter the bladder in normal relationship.


• Canoe paddle ribs : Appearance of ribs that may be seen with mucopolysaccharidoses.


• Celery stalking : Irregular appearance of metaphyses in patients with rubella. Also used to describe metaphyses in patients with osteopathia striata.


• Central dot sign : Sign of Caroli’s disease.


• Champagne sign : Specific but not commonly seen ultrasound finding for emphysematous cholecystitis.


• Cloverleaf skull : Appreance of the skull that may be seen with thanatophoric dysplasia.


• Cluster of grapes : Appearance that may be seen with pneumatosis cystoides coli.


• Cobra head sign : Dilatation of the distal ureter which may be seen in patients with ureteroceles.


• Coffee bean sign : Sigmoid volvulus.


• Collar sign : Sign of diaphragmatic rupture.


• Comet sign : Sign to differential a phlebolith from a ureteral stone. Calcified phlebolith represents the comet nucleus and the adjacent, tapering, noncalcified portion of the vein is the comet tail (also see soft-tissue rim sign).


• Comet tail sign : Produced by the distortion of vessels and bronchi that lead to an adjacent area of round atelectasis.


• Cord sign : Sign of intracranial dural sinus thrombosis.


• Corkscrew collaterals : Appearance of collaterals that may be seen in patients with Buerger disease.


• Corkscrew sign : Upper GI series sign of midgut volvulus.


• Corduroy appearance : Appearance of thickening trabeculations seen in intraosseous hemangiomas of the spine. See also polka-dot pattern.


• Crazy-paving sign : Nonspecific appearance consisting of linear network or reticular pattern with areas of ground-glass opacification. Classically associated with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.


• Crossover sign : Anterior acetabular rim is projected laterally relative to the same point of the posterior rim in the superolateral aspect of the acetabulum. See with pincer type femoroacetabular impingement.


• Cyclops lesion : May occur status post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.


• David Letterman sign : :Sign of scapholunate ligament disruption (also see Terry Thomas sign).


• Dense vessel sign : Sign of cerebrovascular accident that represent thrombus in the middle cerebral artery.


• Dependent viscera sign : Sign of diaphragmatic rupture (viscera falls to a dependent position).


• Dot and dash pattern : Sacral insufficiency fracture.


• Double bleb sign : Appearance of amnion and yolk sac at 5-6 weeks. Embryo lies between amnion and yolk sac


• Double bubble sign : Sign of duodenal atresia and other forms of duodenal obstruction.


• Double decidua sign : Sign of early normal intrauterine gestation.


• Double density sign (cardiac) : Sign of left atrial enlargement when right side of the left atrium pushes into the adjacent lung.


• Double density sign (Nucs) : Pattern of uptake that may be seen on bone scans in patients with osteoid osteomas.


• Double duct sign : Simultaneous dilatation of the common bile and pancreatic ducts that is generally caused by a tumor in the pancreatic head.


• Double PCL sign : MRI sign of a bucket-handle meniscal tear.


• Double track sign : :Appearance of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis that may be seen on upper GI series.


• Draped aorta sign : Sign of contained rupture of an abdominal aoric aneurysm.


• Drooping lily sign : Inferolateral displacement of the opacified lower pole moiety in a duplex kidney from an obstructed (unopacified) upper pole moeity.


• Egg on a string : Appearance of the heart that may be seen with transposition of great arteries.


• Empty delta sign : Sign of intracranial dural sinus thrombosis.


• Epicardial fat pad sign : Sign of a pericardial effusion.


• Eye of the tiger sign : low signal intensity circumscribing the globus pallidus in patients with Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome.


• Faceless kidney : Appearance of kidney secondary to any process that obliterates renal sinus (i.e. lymphoma, transitional cell carcinoma).


• Fallen fragment sign : Sign of a pathologic fracture seen with unicameral bone cysts.


• Feeding vessel sign : Sign of pulmonary septic emboli.


• Flame shaped (Breast) : Gynecomastia.


• Flame shaped (MSK) : Paget disease.


• Fat halo sign : Seen in various diseases of the bowel in which fatty infiltration of the submucosa is present.


• Fat ring sign : Preservation of the perivascular fat around the mesenteric vessels that may be seen with mesenteric panniculitis.


• Flat tire sign : Sign of a ruptured globe.


• Flat waist sign : Appearance of left heart border that may be seen with left lower lobe atelectasis.


• Figure 3 sign : Appearance of the aorta that may be seen in patients with coarctation of the aorta.


• Figure of eight : Appearance of the brain in pachygyria.


• Finger in glove sign : Sign of mucous plugging seen with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.


• Fish vertebrae : Description of shape of vertebral bodies that may be seen in patients with sickle cell disease. See also: H-shaped vertebral bodies.


• Football sign : Sign of pneumoperitoneum seen on supine radiographs.


• Gastrointestinal string sign : Sign of Crohn disease.


• Goblet sign : Sign of ureteral transitional cell carcinoma that may be seen on retrograde or intravenous urography (see also Bergman’s coiled catheter sign).


• Gull wing appearance : Appearance of erosions that may occur in patients with erosive osteoarthritis.


• H-shaped vertebral bodies : Shape of vertebral bodies that may be seen in patients with sickle cell disease. See also: Fish vertebrae.


• Halo sign : Ground-glass attenuation surrounding a pulmonary nodule or mass on CT images. Represents hemorrhage and is highly suggestive of Aspergillus.


• Hampton’s hump : Triangular opacity secondary to infarction in the periphery of the lung distal to a pulmonary embolism.


• Head cheese sign : Sign of subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis.


• Hidebound sign : On small bowel series, crowding of folds in dilated loops of small bowel may be seen in patients with scleroderma.


• High-attenuating crescent sign : Sign of impending abdominal aoric aneurysm rupture.


• Hole within a hole : Appearance that may be seen when eosinophilic granuloma involves the skull.


• Holly leaf appearance : Chest radiograph finding that may be seen with asbestos pleural plaques.


• Honda sign : Sacral insufficiency fracture.


• Hot cross bun sign : May be seen on axial T2 weighted images of the pons in multiple system atrophy.


• Hot nose sign : Sign that may be observed on brain flow scans in patients with brain death.


• Hourglass appearance : MRI appearance that may be seen with concentric cystic adventitial disease.


• Interstitial line sign : Sign that may be seen with an interstitial ectopic pregnancy.


• Inverted Napoleon’s hat sign : Sign of severe spondylolisthesis at the lumbosacral junction.


• Ivory vertebra sign : Increase in opacity of a vertebral body that retains its size and contours, with no change in the opacity and size of adjacent intervertebral disks.


• Juxtaphrenic peak sign : Tenting of the diaphragm that may be seen with right upper lobe atelectasis.


• Keyhole sign : US appearance that may be seen with posterior urethral valves.


• Lace like : Pattern that may be seen with sarcoid arthropathy.


• Lace-like pattern : Ultrasound appearance of hemorrhagic ovarian cysts.


• Lacunar skull : Appearance of skull that may be seen in infants with Chiari II malformation.


• Lambda sign : On a Gallium-67 citrate scan, uptake in the hilar and paratracheal lymph nodes gives the appearance of a lambda. This is seen in sarcoidosis.


• Lead pipe : Narrowing of colon with loss of haustra that may be seen in patients with ulcerative colitis.


• Linguine sign : MRI sign that may be seen in patients with intracapsular breast implant rupture.


• Lobster claw sign : Sign of papillary necrosis on IVU.


• Lollipop : Appearance of diverticula that may been seen on HSG in patients with adenomyosis.


• Luftsichel sign : “Air cresent”. Sign that may be seen with left upper lobe atelectasis.


• Mark Morton sign : Throckmorton’s sign with a small penis.


• Mercedes Benz sign : Appearance of gas within gallstones.


• Moulage sign : Effaced loop of bowel that may be seen on a small bowel series in sprue.


• Molar tooth sign (GU) : Perivesicular extravasation of contrast on CT cystogram in a patient with extraperitoneal bladder rupture.


• Molar tooth sign (Neuro) : Enlarged and horizontally directed tubular structure on each side of the midline emerging from the midbrain in patients with Joubert syndrome.


• Monod sign : Air surrounding an aspergilloma (Also see air crescent sign).


• Mount Fuji sign : CT sign of tension pneumocephalus.


• Naclerio’s V sign : V shaped lucency that may be seen over the left lower mediastinium in pneumomediastinum.


• Nipple sign : Appearance of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis that may be seen on ultrasound.


• Nubbin sign : Reflux nephropathy involving the lower pole of a duplicated collecting system.


• Nutmeg liver : Pattern of liver enhancement seen with passive congestion.


• Onion ring appearance : US appearance that may be seen with a testicular epidermoid cyst.


• Paintbrush appearance : Linear striations of contrast material opacifing collecting tubules that may be seen with medullary sponge kidney.


• Panda sign : On a Gallium-67 citrate scan, uptake in the lacrimal and salivary glands gives the appearance of a panda. This is suggestive of sarcoidosis.


• Parallel track sign : Pattern of uptake that may be seen on bone scan in patients with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.


• Pear-shaped bladder : Bladder assumes the shape of a pear when it undergoes extrinsic compression due to excess tissue in the pelvis.


• Pearl necklace sign : MRI sign that may be seen with adenomyomatosis.


• Pencil in cup deformity : Erosion pattern of digits that may be seen in patients with psoriatic arthritis.


• Picture frame vertebral body : Thicken cortex of vertebral bodies that may be seen in patients with Paget disease.


• Picket fence : Appearance of bowel that may be seen on small bowel series with Whipple disease or gastrointestinal amyloidosis.


• Pistol grip deformity : Appearance of the proximal femur that may be seen with cam type femoroacetabular impingement.


• Playboy bunny sign : US sign of the appearance of the confluence of the hepatic veins with the IVC.


• Polka-dot pattern : Appearance of thickening trabeculations seen in intraosseous hemangiomas of the spine. See also Corduroy appearance.


• Porcelain gallbladder : Calcification of the gallbladder wall.


• Putty kidney : Appearance that may be seen with end-stage renal tuberculosis.


• Reversal sign : CT sign of anoxic brain injury where gray matter is lower in attenuation that white matter (the opposite is normal).


• Reversed halo sign : Relatively specific sign of pulmonary nodules in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia.


• Ribbon bowel : Appearance of bowel that may be seen on barium studies in graft versus host disease.


• Ribbon ribs : Appearance of ribs that may be seen with neurofibromatosis 1.


• Rice kernel : CT appearance that may be seen with dacryolithiasis.


• Rigler’s sign : Sign of pneumoperitoneum where both sides of a loop of bowel are outlined by air.


• Rim sign : On cholescintigraphy, increased uptake is seen in the region of the gallbladder fossa. Sign is specific for acute cholecystitis.


• Ring of fire sign : US finding. Hypervascular ring in the adnexa that may be seen with either ectopic pregnancy or corpus luteum.


• Ring sign : CT sign of epiploic appendagitis.


• Rosary sign : CT sign that may be seen with adenomyomatosis.


• Rugger jersey spine sign : Appearance of spine that may be seen with secondary hyperparathyroidism or chronic renal failure


• S sign of Golden : Right upper lobe atelectasis created by a central mass. Should raise the suspicion of a central neoplasm.


• Saber-sheath trachea : Appearance of trachea that may be seen with COPD.


• Saber shin : Appearance of tibia that may be seen with syphilis.


• Sandstorm appearance : Appearance of lungs that may be seen in pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.


• Salt and pepper pattern : Flow voids seen in glomus tumors.


• Salt and pepper skull : Appearance of skull that may be seen in patients with hyperparathyroidism.


• Sandwich sign : Bulky lymphoma encasing mesenteric vessels.


• Sandwich vertebra : Sclerotic endplates that may be seen with osteopetrosis.


• Sausage digit : Soft tissue swelling of digits in patients with psoriatic arthritis.


• Scimitar sign : MRI appearance that may be seen with eccentric cystic adventitial disease.


• Scottie dog : On oblique radiographs, the posterior elements form the appearance of a Scottie dog. Spondylolysis can have the appearance of a collar around the neck.


• Shepard’s crook deformity : Appearance of proximal femur that may be seen with fibrous dyplasia.


• Shoulder sign : Appearance of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis that may be seen on upper GI series.


• Signet ring sign (Chest) : Sign of bronchiectasis.


• Signet ring sign (GU) : Sign of papillary necrosis on IVU.


• Small heart sign : Sign of tension pneumopericardium.


• Snowman : Appearance of heart that may be seen with supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous return.


• Snowstorm pattern (breast) : US pattern for breast implant rupture.


• Snowstorm pattern (Ob/gyn) : US pattern for a molar pregnancy.


• Soft-tissue rim sign : Appearance of a ureteral edema surrounding a calculus. Helps differentiates a calculus from a phlebolith (also see comet sign).


• Spade shape : Shape of tufts that may be seen with acromegaly.


• Spalding sign : Overlapping cranial sutures. Sign of fatal demise on prenatal ultrasound.


• Spider web : Appearnace of collateral vessels that may be seen on hepatic venography in Budd-Chiari syndrome.


• Spinnaker sail sign : Elevation of the thymus by air that may be seen with pneumomediastinum.


• Split pleura sign : CT sign of thoracic empyema.


• Spoke wheel enhancement pattern (GU) : May be seen with oncocytomas


• Spoke wheel enhancement pattern (GI) : May be seen with focal nodular hyperplasia.


• Spokewheel sign (GI) : Pattern of mesentery that may be seen with small bowel volvulus.


• Starry sky : US appearance that may be seen with hepatitis.


• Steeple sign : Appearance of narrowing of the subglottic tracheal lumen that may be seen with croup.


• Stepladder sign : US sign that may be seen in patients with intracapsular breast implant rupture.


• Straight line sign : PET sign of peritoneal carcinomatosis.


• Strawberry skull : Appearance of skull that may be seen on fetal US with Trisomy 18.


• String of beads : Appearnace of multiple stenosis that may be seen in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia.


• String sign : Appearance of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis that may be seen on upper GI series.


• Stripe sign : On a V/Q scan, subpleural activity in a region of decreased pulmonary perfusion. Sign is used to rule out pulmonary embolism.


• Subependymal Calcification : Tuberous Sclerosis


• Superior triangle sign : Sign that may be seen with right lower lobe atelectasis.


• Talar beak : Sign of talocalcaneal tarsal coalition.


• Tau sign : MRI sign of a persistent trigeminal artery.


• Telephone receiver shaped femora : Appearance of femora that can be seen with thanatophoric dysplasia.


• Terry Thomas sign : Sign of scapholunate ligament disruption (also see David Letterman sign).


• Throckmorton’s sign : The penis points to the pathology.


• Thumb sign : Classic lateral radiographic finding for epiglotitis.


• Thumbprinting : Sign of bowel wall thickening seen with entities such as ischemic bowel, diverticulitis, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis.


• Tip of the iceberg sign : Ultrasound sign that may be seen with mature cystic teratomas.


• Tit sign : Appearance of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis that may be seen on upper GI series.


• Tram-track sign (chest) : Sign of bronchiectasis.


• Tram line calcification (neuro) : Sign of optic nerve meningioma in tuberous sclerosis.


• Tram-track calcification (neuro) : Appearance of cortical calcifications that may be seen with Sturge Weber syndrome.


• Tram-track sign (nucs) : Bone scan finding that may be seen with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.


• Tree in bud : Nonspecific pulmonary pattern seen on thin-section computed tomography,most commonaly with tuberculosis.


• Trident hand : Appearance of hands that may be seen with achondroplasia.


• Trough line sign : In posterior shoulder dislocation, frontal radiographs reveal two nearly parallel lines in the superomedial aspect of the humeral head.


• Umbrella sign : Sign of a ruptured globe.


• Wall-echo-shadow sign : Sign of cholelithiasis on US when the gallbladder is filled with calculi.


• Waterlily sign : Sign of hydatid cyst.


• Water can perineum : Sign of fistula formation secondary to periurethral abscess,associated with gonnorhea infection.


• Wave sign : Sign produced by lateral indentation of thymus by adjacent anterior ribs. This sign in seen in the pediatric population and represents a normal thymus.


• Whirlpool Sign : US sign of midgut volvulus in a neonate.


• Wimberger’s ring sign : A circular, opaque radiologic shadow surroundsing epiphyseal centers of ossification in patients with scurvy.


• Wimberger’s sign : Symmetrical lesions seen in the proximal tibial medial metaphysis in patient’s with syphilis.


• Westermark’s sign : Regional pulmonary oligemia secondary to pulmonary embolism.


• Yin-yang sign : Swirling blood flow pattern within a pseudoaneurysm.


• Yo-yo on a string sign : MRI appearance of a Stener lesion (see Gamekeeper thumb)

ONE WORD Q/A IN ENT

• "ABC / ABSOLUTE BONE CONDUCTION TEST--- shortened in SNHL/ Perceptive deafness,"
  

 

• "ACOUSTIC REFLEX DECAY TEST--- +VE in Lesions of Auditory Cortex,"
  

 

• "ADENOID FACIES--- Fes.-- Open mouth, Pinching of nose, Crowding of teeth, "
  

 

• "ANOSMIA----complete-Responda to inhalation of ammonia,"
  

 

• "ANTRAL WASH---for drainage of maxillary sinus is thru. Inferior meatus,"
  

 

• "AUDIOGRAM---U-shaped A.--congenital deafness, FLATTENED A.- serous Otitis media,"--
  

 

• "AUDIOMETRY---IMPEDANCE,"
  

 

• ALLODYNIA---increased perception of Painful stimulus,-
  

 

• "BELL'S PALSY---Mx-Steroids & Surgical Decompression,"
  

 

• "BRONCHOSCOPY---indicated in persisitent Wheeze,"
  

 

• BLAST INJURY---most common organ affected -Ear Drum,
  

 

• "CARHART'S NOTCH---seen at 2000 Hz., & in otosclerosis,"
  

 

• "CHOANAL ATRESIA---BiLateral Complete-->life threatening complication,"
  

 

• "CHORDITIS TUBEROSA---is due to Chronic Laryngitis,"
  

 

• "CRICOID CARTILAGE---is Signet Ring shape, "
  

 

• "CRICOTHYROID MUSCLE---is supplied by SUPERIOR Laryngeal nerve( SLN ), & rest by RLN.,"
  

 

• "CONE OF LIGHT---is formed on ANTERIO-INFERIOR Quadrant,"
  

 

• "CSF.---is similar to PERI-LYMPH,"
  

 

• "DIPHTERIA---Membranes firmly Attached & Bleeds on Touch, "
  

 

• "DYSPHAGIA---SIDEROPENIC DYSP.--seen in Iron Def. Anemia,"
  

 

• "DYSPHONIA PLICA VENTRICULARIS---is producing sounds withfalse cord,"
  

 

• "CAULIFLOWER EAR---is due to Hematoma of Auricle,"
  

 

• "ENCEPHALOCELE---Herniation of Brain tissue with its Dural covering into the Nasal cavity, "-
  

 

• "EPITYMPANUM---includes--head of Malleolus , Body of Incus,"
  

 

• "FITZGERALD-HALLPIKE TEST---uses Temp. at 30oC& 44oC, also called as caloric test?,"
  

 

• "LE FORT'S FRACTURE---inv's ZYGOMA, MAXILLA, & NASAL BONES,"
  

 

• "Oblique & Horizontal Fracture of nasal septum--- is called asJARJAVAL FRACTURE,"-
  

 

• "GLOBUS HYSTERICUS---lump in throat not interfering with swallowing,"-
  

 

• "GROMMET INSERTION---is done in anteroinferior quadrant,"
  

 

• GELLE'S TEST---done in Otosclerosis,
  

 

• "Great Auricular Nr. ---supplies Skin at Angle of JAW,"
  

 

• "GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NEURECTOMY--- Route of Approach -Tonsillectomy approach,"-
  

 

• Hearing impairment due to noise starts at 4000 Hz.,-
  

 

• "HEMANGIOMA---Bleeding Polyp of nose--arises from septum,"
  

 

• HYPERACUSIS---normal sound are heard as loud & painful.
  

 

• "HYPERNASALITY---caused by Cleft palate, Submucous celft, Bifed Uvula,"
  

 

• HYPOPHARYNEAL CANCER---predisposing factors -Plummer Vinson's Synd.,
  

 

• "INVERTED PAPILLOMA---of Rt.side of nasal cavity -TOC.=Total Maxillectomy,"-
  

 

• "INNER AUDITORY MEATUS---facial nerve is lateral to superior vestibular nerve,"
  

 

• "JUVENILE PAPILLOMA---Rx-Surgical excision,"
  

 

• "KERATOSIS OBURANS---is a Premalignant condition,"
  

 

• KOBARK TEST---used for Minimal Caloric Stimulation,
  

 

• "KARTAGENER'S SYND.---Ass.with Sinusitis, Dextrocardia, Bronchiectasis, "
  

 

• "LARYGEAL MIRROR---warmed before use by placing glass surface on Flame,
  

 

• "LARYNGOFISSURE---Opening the larynx in midline,"
  

 

• "LARYNGECTOMY---after laryngectomy Voice is from Oesophagus,"
  

 

• "LARYNGOCELE---Gas filled sac in neck region after VALSALVA MANOEURVE,"
  

 

• "ANAESTHESIA OF LARYNX---occurs with Diptheria, Lead Poisoning, Multiple sclerosis,"-
  

 

• "LYMPH NODE METASTASIS IN NECK --- is seen in SupraGlottic Ca., Ca.of Tonsil, Papillary Ca.of thyroid, NEVER seen in Ca.of Vocal Cords, "
  

 

• "MASKING---is applied for inability to hear,"
  

 

• "MASTOID TEMPORAL BONE AIR CELL GROUPS---include Petrosae, Retrofacial, Hypotympanic, Sublabyrinthine."
  

 

• "MASTOID TIP---appears by 2yrs. of age,"
  

 

• "INFERIOR MEATUS OF NOSE---NasoLacrimal duct/ Frontonasal duct opens,"
  

 

• "MONOAURAL DISPLACUSIS---due to Lesions of Cochlea,"
  

 

• "MYIASIS OF NOSE---MAGGOTS OF NOSE, Rx-TOC.--CHLOROFORM Water,"
  

 

• "MYRINGITIS BULLOSA---caused by Virus,"
  

 

• "NASAL DEPRESSED BRIDGE--- caused by Syphylis, Septal Abscess, Injury,"
  

 

• CROOKED NOSE---due to Deviated Tip & Septum ,
  

 

• "SADDLE SHAPED NOSE---due to Destruction of nasal septum,"
  

 

• "OESOPHAGUS---cervical oesophagus receives its blood supply from Inf.Thyroid Artery, "
  

 

• "BENIGN NEOPLASMS OF OESOPHAGUS---commonest --is Intramural Tumour of oesophagus
  

 

• "CARCINOMA OF OESOPHAGUS---RAT TAIL APP. on Barium swallowing,"-
  

 

• "OLFCTORY AREA---Looks YELLOW in colour,"
  

 

• "OSSICULAR RATIO = 1.3:1 , "
  

 

• "TUBERCULAR OTITIS MEDIA---Multiple perforations of T.M.,
  

 

• "ACUTE NON SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA---Retracted drumhead with a hiar-line or air bubbles on otoscopy,"
  

 

• "OTOMYCOSIS---most common fugas aspergillus fumigatus,"
  

 

• CSF OTORRHOEA--- fracture of petrous ridge/ petrous temporal bone,-
  

 

• "PENDRED SYND.--Thyroid swelling + nerve deafness,"
  

 

• PARAPHARYNGEAL ABCESS---swelling in post. Part of middle1/3 of sternomastoid & tonsil is pused medially
  

 

• "PAROSMIA---PERVERSION OF SMELL,"
  

 

• "PHARYNGITIS- MEMBRANOUS---causes--streptococcal, ludwig's angina, diptheria, "-
  

 

• PHARYNGOMAXILLARY ABSCESS---medial bulge of pharynx ,
  

 

• "PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA---most common tumour of parotid gland,"---
  

 

• PNEUMATOCELE--seen in fracture of frontal sinus,----
  

 

• PROCESSUS COCHLEARIFORMIS--attaches to handle of mallues,
  

 

• "RESP.ALLERGY--house dust,"---
  

 

• "RANADIER'S OPERATION---done in Petrositis,"
  

 

• CHRONIC RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS--due to caries spine,-
  

 

• "SICCA RHINITIS--anterior nares inv.,",
  

 

• "RHINOLITH--- deposition of calcium around the F.B. in nose,"-
  

 

• RHINOPHYMA---hypertrophy of sebaceous gland,---
  

 

• "SINGERS NODULE---Voice abuse,"
  

 

• "SCALA MEDIA ---shows endolymph,"-
  

 

• "SCHIRMER'S TEST---for lacrimal secr. To test facial nerve,"--
  

 

• "SEMICIRCULAR CANALS--senses Angular movements,"----
  

 

• "SCHWARTZ SIGN ---seen in otosclerosis,"-
  

 

• "SCHWARTZE OPERATION---done in CSOM,"-
  

 

• "SPEECH DISCRIMINATION SCORE---lowest in retrocochlear SND,"----
  

 

• "ALPORT'S SYND.---SNHL+Hereditary nephritis,"----
  

 

• "TEMPORAL BONE---petrous part-inner ear,"---
  

 

• "TONE DECAY TEST---done to fineout retrocochlear lesions,"--
  

 

• "TOBEY AYER TEST---Lateral sinus thrombosis,"-
  

 

• "TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE---double tube, made of Titanium silver alloy, cuffed tube is used for IPPV, "
  

 

• "TROTTER'S TRIAD---seen in nasopharyngeal ca.,"-
  

 

• "UMBO---most reliable landmark on otoscopy,"---
  

 

• "VERTIGO---peripheral/ labyrinthine V. fes--unidirectional nystagmus, marked vertigo, ass.central abn.absent,"----
  

 

• "VESTIBULE---IS present in nose, larynx, pharynx,"----
  

 

• "VESTIBULAR SCHWANOMMA---IOC--GADOLINIUM ENHANCED MRI,"---
  

 

• VIDIAN NERVE---/ NERVE OF PTERYGOID CANAL---,
  

 

• "VOCAL NODULES---present at junction of anterior 1/3 & post. 2/3, "-
  

 

• "WOODRUFF'S AREA---post. End of inferior turbinate, "--
  

 

• "WALDERYER'S RING ---inner w.group of L.N.=tonsils, lingual tonsils, adenoids,"--
  

 

• "WARTHIN'S TUMOUR---Rx superior paratidectomy,"---
  

 

• ZENKER'S DIVERTICULUM --- it's asymp.
  

 

• "AT BIRTH---following structures are of adult size--tympanic cavity, malleus, tympanic ring , except -mastoid antrum,"
  

 

• "The ADDUCTION OF V.C. cannot occur while talking , but can occur with good cough --is a condition ass. With functional aphonia,"
  

 

• "SUPRAGLOTTIS--- include -aryepiglottic folds, false cords, laryngeal surface of the epiglottis,"
  

 

• "TRANSBRONCIAL BIOPSY---is thru. Fiber-optic bronchoscopy,"-
  

 

• "NORMAL RANGE OF frequency of human haering = 20-20,000 hz,"
  

 

• "AUDIBLE SOUND FOR NORMAL HUMANHEARING = 40-45 db,"
  

 

• "PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO NOISE LEVELS > 85 db can impair hearing permanently,"
  

 

• "RUPTURE OF T.M. /EAR DRUM occur at noise level > 160 db,"
  

 

• "40 db COMPARED TO 20 DB is 100 TIMES,
  

 

• "RHINITIS SYNDROME---in mast cell mediator release category are categorised by sneezing , marked postnasal discharge, lacrimation,"
  

 

• "WATER'S VIEW ( OCCIPITOMENTAL )--- provides good visualization of maxillary sinus, orbitofrontal sinus, frontal sinus,"
  

 

• "CHILD WITH COMPRESSIBLE SWELLING ROOT OF NOSE---MENINGOMYELOCELE,"
  

 

• "STRUCTURES PASSING between the upper border of the superior constrictor muscle & base of the skull are levator palati muscle & the cartilagineous eustachain tube,"
  

 

• QUALITY OF VOICE--- not changed in total adductor palsy
  

 

• "FAMILIAL PREDISPOSITION of malignancies--- are seen in -breast, leukaemia, thyroid
  

 

• "GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE---supplies sensation to the middle ear mucous memb.,& tongue (post1/3)"
  

 

• "MICROPHONIC POTENTIALS ORIGINATING IN COCHLEA are resistant to Ischaemia,"
  

 

• "IVORY OSTEOMA--- sen in fronto-ethmoidal region,"
  

 

• "PLICA SEMILUNARIS---is situated in Tonsillar area,"
  

 

• "SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND SURGERY---may result in damage of 7,11,12 Cr.N.,"
  

 

• "MICROLARYNGOSCOPY---size of lens used is 400mm.,"
  

 

• "VOCAL FREMITUS ---decreased in Emphysema , thick pleura, Pleural effusion,"
  

 

• "common site of F.B. in lower respiratory tract is --Rt.Main Bronchus,"
  

 

• "IMPAIRMENT OF hearing due to noise starts at ---4000 hz.,/ 4khz.
  

 

• "EAM=24 mm, / 2.4 cm.,"
  

 

• "E.T / PT.TUBE=36 mm., / 3.6 cm.,"
  

 

• "U-SHAPED AUDIOGRAM---CONGENITAL DEAFNESS,"
  

 

• FLAT AUDIOGRAM---SEROUS OTITIS MEDIA,
  

 

• "CARHART'S NOTCH ---2000 hz., / 2Khz.,"
  

 

• "WAX IN EAR ---commonest cause of deafness,"